For years after her Singaporean husband died of cancer, 47-year-old Thach Thi Loi and her son, Minh*, shuttled between Singapore, Malaysia, and Vietnam to comply with visa requirements.
The constant movement left little room for stability. Without a secure immigration status, Thi Loi was unable to apply for public rental housing. Minh travelled wherever she did, missing years of formal education along the way. By the time the pair reconnected with MWS Family Service Centre – Yishun in 2024, following their return to Singapore, 11-year-old Minh had never attended primary school. Although his mother had arranged informal tuition for him in Johor Bahru, he had fallen far behind academically. He also struggled with low self-esteem, expressed suicidal thoughts, and showed signs of a possible neurodevelopmental condition.

